Optimizing energy consumption for robot navigation in fields requires energy-cost maps. However, obtaining such a map is still challenging, especially for large, uneven terrains. Physics-based energy ...

Construction workers regularly perform walking locomotion on level and inclined surfaces. It is critical to detect walking activity and estimate body postures in real time for monitoring workers’ ...

In the formula, τ f is the shear strength, c' is the effective cohesion, σ is the normal stress, u a is the atmospheric pressure, u w is the pore water pressure, u a-u w is the matrix suction, ϕ′ is ...