The veins of the proximal and distal esophagus drain into the azygous system. ... (Z-line) found that the functional location of LES was 3 cm distal to the Z-line. 39, 40.

ALTHOUGH a ringlike indentation encircling the lower esophagus had been described by radiologists for several years1 , 2 it was not recognized as a cause of dysphagia until 1953.3 , 4 Since that ti ...

If such a space had been created, however, one would not have expected normal pressure relations to be maintained between the fundus of the stomach, inferior esophageal sphincter and distal esophagus.

Biopsies of the proximal and distal esophagus should be taken in clinically or endoscopically suspected esophagitis. In addition, given the differences in management, ...