On November 13, 2020, a pair of European Space Agency spacecraft—Mars Express and the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter—set out to gain a deeper understanding of the Martian ionosphere. Utilizing an advanced ...

NASA images reveal shallow ice beneath Mars’s surface, offering a promising water source for future astronauts and clues to ...

Like Earth, Mars is surrounded by an ionosphere—the part of its upper atmosphere where radiation from the sun knocks ...