Christy Bieber has a JD from UCLA School of Law and began her career as a college instructor and textbook author. She has been writing full time for over a decade with a focus on making financial ...

The government spends hundreds of billions of dollars annually just to watch and follow us. Who authorized this?

The Fourth Amendment provides a critical privacy right against intrusions by government officials. Indeed, it creates three layers of protection. First, it broadly prohibits unreasonable searches ...

But here's most maddening thing about trying to be a Fourth Amendment originalist. The existing historical materials shed almost no light on the original public meaning of what today is the most ...

Jones. Justice Scalia wrote an opinion holding that attaching an electronic tracking device to the undercarriage of a vehicle to track its movements was a “search” within the meaning of the Fourth ...

should the legislation affect the Fourth Amendment’s meaning? Courts are split three ways. Some courts argue that legislation provides the informed judgment of a co-equal branch that should ...

It can be hard to analyze those views because they often hinge on disputed questions of framing: What is the baseline for determining what the Fourth Amendment should be interpreted to mean ...

“There is a reason why, in two centuries filled with litigation over the Fourth Amendment’s meaning, this Court has never before adopted the majority’s definition of a ‘seizure,’” he ...

In an opinion that seems carefully crafted to achieve unanimity rather than break new ground, the court yesterday unsurprisingly and unanimously rejected the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th ...

What does all this mean in terms of the Fourth Amendment? It’s simple: the technological and human factors that constrained the gathering and processing of data in the past are fast disappearing.

Technology has changed how information flows, how people communicate, and even the meaning of "friend ... consider "reasonable" under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable searches ...

should the legislation affect the Fourth Amendment's meaning? Courts are split three ways. Some courts argue that legislation provides the informed judgment of a co-equal branch that should ...