Background: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and predicts hospitalisation for acute exacerbation, in-hospital death and ...

Beta blockers are widely utilized for both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular indications, such as hypertension, angina, and the treatment of migraine headache.

Beta blockers have been shown to prolong survival in chronic heart failure. It is currently a matter of debate whether any β blocker is superior to the other in terms of improving symptoms, left ...