The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) closure muscles include the cervical esophagus, cricopharyngeus, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor, but primarily the cricopharyngeus. The main functions of ...

a: The constrictor and lateral suspensory muscles of the pharynx viewed from the posterior aspect, showing: the pharyngeal raphe, and the superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor ...

Electromyographic studies of both the cricopharyngeal and the pharyngeal inferior constrictor muscles showed abnormal tonic hyperactivity of the former. To evaluate the possible efficacy of ...