In article , we developed vector area and volume elements in curved coordinate for flux vector fields into open and closed ...

Use of a flux-vector drive was key in fielding a photolithography ... One difficulty is that eddy currents and magnetic fields created within the chamber can make such schemes unreliable.

θ is the angle between the area vector and the magnetic field. The negative sign indicates the induced EMF opposes the change in magnetic flux. In the case of a closely wound coil of N turns ...