Preterm labor is defined differently in pregnancies complicated by GDM. There is evidence that fetal hyperinsulinemia retards lung surfactant production and may delay lung maturity, often until 38 ...

Preeclampsia and cesarean deliveries, as well as macrosomia (defined as birth weight ≥4000 g), fetal hyperinsulinemia, birth trauma and shoulder dystocia rose with increasing maternal glycemia.

Many fetal complications ... but withdrawal of maternal glucose may lead to relative neonatal hyperinsulinemia and subsequent hypoglycemia. Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal death ...