Bacteria, yeast, and plant protoplasts can be transformed using electroporation. What is an electroporator? An electroporator is a device that holds the cell suspension while voltage is applied.

The first successful technique to overcome these difficulties was based on protoplast isolation and subsequent gentle release of vacuoles by osmotic shock 5, 6.

The isolation of protoplasts from two previously recalcitrant potato cultivars, Cara and Saco, was achieved using Pectolyase Y-23 (0.01%) and Cellulase 'Onozuka' RS (0.1%). These enzymes were compared ...