The second and third quantum numbers, introduced by Sommerfeld, pertained to aspects of an electron’s angular momentum (a measure of the shape and configuration of its orbit). Traditionally ...

which is the quantum version of a classical computer bit. It is often built with an atom, subatomic particle, or photon instead of a silicon transistor. In an electron or nuclear spin qubit ...

Principal quantum numbers are denoted by the symbol (n). They are the principal electron shell of an atom. The Principal Quantum Number describes the electron’s shell like its distance from the ...

Tunneling is a peculiar quantum phenomenon with no classical counterpart. It plays an essential role for strong field phenomena in atoms and molecules interacting with intense lasers. Processes such ...

Quantum computers promise significantly shorter computing times for complex problems. But there are still only a few quantum computers worldwide with a limited number of so-called qubits.

Vanadium is a metal in group VB of the periodic table with atomic number 23, an atomic weight of 50.94, and a density of 6.1 Mg/m 3. It has a melting temperature of 1900 C. The electronic ...

The spin of an electron is in many ways the archetypical quantum system ... As a result, if the atom has the proper electronic configuration, the spin state of an atom is often the same as ...

They are formed from miniscule wires of vanadium oxide ... coating of semiconductor quantum dots. When they’re exposed to the sun, these hybrid materials generate two critical ingredients for ...