Scientists explore Lost City, in the Atlantic, where chemical reactions in hydrothermal vents could explain the origin of ...

You’ve probably heard of the chemical calcium in milk ... One of the most common chemicals connected to calcium is called “carbonate”, and together they make calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is in ...

yet extraction from carbonate reservoirs can be very challenging and much of the oil and gas often remains unrecovered. After the rock is formed, it undergoes a range of chemical and physical ...

A hydrogen atom from the carbonic acid bonds to the carbonate ion in ocean water and creates a bicarbonate ion (HCO-3) which the shell-making organisms can’t use.