The Opium Wars of the mid-19th century were fought between the Western powers and the Qing dynasty, which ruled China from ...

Further hostilities broke out in the Second Opium War of 1856-58 when combined British and French forces again inflicted military defeats on China and demanded further concessions on trade.

Opium was grown in British India, and smuggled into China. The Chinese resisted the opium trade. This led to war, after the Chinese destroyed all the British opium in China. The Chinese army and ...

While some countries benefit from such protectionism, others face higher costs and supply chain disruptions that inevitably ...

Howard Chua-Eoan is a columnist for Bloomberg Opinion covering culture and business. He previously served as Bloomberg Opinion's international editor and is a former news director at Time magazine.

when the war was ended with the Treaty of Nanking. The treaty opened five Chinese ports to British traders, imposed heavy reparations for destroyed opium stockpiles and gave the British control over ...