The veins of the proximal and distal esophagus drain into the azygous system. ... (Z-line) found that the functional location of LES was 3 cm distal to the Z-line. 39, 40.

ALTHOUGH a ringlike indentation encircling the lower esophagus had been described by radiologists for several years1 , 2 it was not recognized as a cause of dysphagia until 1953.3 , 4 Since that ti ...

Biopsies of the proximal and distal esophagus should be taken in clinically or endoscopically suspected esophagitis. In addition, given the differences in management, ...