The Pliocene epoch--more than 2.5 million years ago--can provide some insight into what coral reefs in the future may look like. Estimates of carbon dioxide and global mean temperatures of the ...

resulting in cooler and drier conditions on the western side of the Pacific Ocean. Figure 2: Pliocene El Niño recorded in PWP oxygen isotopic records.

But many of the fairy wrasse species emerged only about 1 million to 3 million years ago, in the Pleistocene and late Pliocene Epochs. Fairy wrasses appear to have first evolved in the Coral ...

It should. We’re living it. But the description also matches Earth a little over 3 million years ago, in the middle of the geologic epoch known as the Pliocene. To understand how our planet ...

Summer rainfall in the Pliocene created wetter conditions and a landscape of lakes—not the deserts of today. And now, she notes, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are once again what they were ...

Scientists trying to determine how the Earth might change as temperatures rise often look back in time to a period around 3.6 million years ago called the middle Pliocene, when concentrations of ...

Global mean temperatures are rising much faster than any time since the Pliocene, when sea levels were up to 20 meters higher. CO2 levels are currently 410 parts per million. The last time carbon ...

Well, if you want to know how the climate-changed future will unfold, look at the past: In the Pliocene, 2.6 to 5 million years ago, carbon dioxide levels were about what they are today but with ...