In atoms with filled electron shells, these magnetic moments cancel ... which include the rare-earth metals like samarium, neodymium, and praseodymium. Ferromagnetic elements tend to have unpaired ...

The forces an electron exerts from each spot in the shell are different ... The most difficult was neodymium (Nd-) which took about six months. In 2007, O'Malley and Beck began a final push ...

Neodymium has unpaired electrons in its outer orbital, which makes it a good candidate to interact with the exciton's ...