The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) closure muscles include the cervical esophagus, cricopharyngeus, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor, but primarily the cricopharyngeus. The main functions of ...

a: The constrictor and lateral suspensory muscles of the pharynx viewed from the posterior aspect, showing: the pharyngeal raphe, and the superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor ...

Definition of the Constrictor Muscles and the Larynx We contoured the superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles according to their anatomic boundaries, following Levendag et al. 17 ...

Dysphagia — trouble swallowing — is one of the most common side effects of radiation for head and neck cancer and can be so bad that patients require a permanent gastrostomy tube for feeding.

Electromyographic studies of both the cricopharyngeal and the pharyngeal inferior constrictor muscles showed abnormal tonic hyperactivity of the former. To evaluate the possible efficacy of ...

Fig 1. Example of intensity-modulated radiotherapy plan. Dose distributions (Gy) are labeled. Blue (long arrow), pharyngeal constrictor; purple (short arrows), lateral retropharyngeal nodal sites; ...