In a chemical equation, the symbol ⇌ is used instead ... pressurised gases are pumped into a tank containing beds of iron catalyst at about 450°C. In these conditions, some of the hydrogen ...

The temperature chosen is a compromise between yield and rate. Using a catalyst in the Haber process means that a lower temperature can be used whilst keeping the rate of reaction high.

For the last century, the Haber-Bosch process has made use of an iron catalyst at extremely high pressures and high temperatures to break those bonds and produce ammonia, one drop at a time.

"In spite of 3 Nobel Prizes (1918, 1931, and 2007) for the Haber-Bosch process, it has not been possible to experimentally investigate the catalyst surface with surface-sensitive methods under ...

With our experimental set-up, we were able to observe the chemical state of the catalyst, as well as atomic and molecular fragments on its surface, during the Haber–Bosch process (Fig.