The minimum amount of energy for a collision to be successful is called the activation energy. The rate of a reaction depends on the rate of successful collisions between reactant particles.

Activation energy is the minimum energy needed for ‘successful collisions’ where atoms within the reactants rearrange to form products. It can be represented on an energy level diagram.

This theory-based approach provides the first accurate calculations of how the distribution of quarks' transverse momentum within protons changes with collision energy. The approach will provide ...