AN investigation has been made of the pharmacological properties of Cl. botulinum (type A) toxin. Rabbits injected intravenously with the toxin developed severe œdema with focal hæmorrhages in ...

Botulinum toxin (BTX) has been used at Baylor’s Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (PDCMDC) in the treatment of dystonia and related disorders since 1983. Its safety and efficacy ...

To make the most effective use of botulinum toxin as a drug, to precisely control its action, and to expand ... much more realistic idea of the crucial mechanisms of translocation," says Kammerer.

In chronic low back pain, botulinum neurotoxin type A improved patients' pain and functional outcomes vs placebo and other local injection therapies.