Other amino acids avoid water and are called hydrophobic, such as isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine. The amino acid cysteine has a chemically reactive side chain that can form bonds with ...

Charged amino acid side chains can form ionic bonds, and polar amino acids are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic side chains interact with each other via weak van der Waals interactions.

There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins and all have the same basic structure, differing only in the R-group or side chain they have. Amino acids are in an equilibrium between two acids with ...

Proteins can further fold and assemble into complex structures, such as α-helices and β-sheets, which are stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and ...